Why Switch to Science-Based Interviewing (SBI)?
The shift from confrontational interrogation techniques to science-based investigative interviewing is driven by several factors, including ethical concerns, empirical research findings, and a growing recognition of the limitations and risks associated with traditional interrogation methods, not to mention increased legal liabilities and decreased public trust in law enforcement investigative practices. Here's why reforming from traditional interrogation techniques to science-based investigative interviewing is crucial:
1. Ethical Considerations - Confrontational interrogation techniques, such as coercion, deception, and intimidation, raise ethical concerns regarding the treatment of suspects and the potential for coercing false confessions. These techniques can violate suspects' rights, undermine due process, and lead to miscarriages of justice. Science-based investigative interviewing prioritizes ethical principles such as respect for autonomy, fairness, and transparency, ensuring that suspects are treated with dignity and afforded their legal rights during the interview process.
2. Risk of False Confessions - Traditional interrogation techniques are associated with an increased risk of eliciting false confessions, particularly from vulnerable individuals or those with limited cognitive abilities. Coercive tactics can induce stress, fear, and confusion, impairing suspects' judgment and decision-making abilities and increasing their susceptibility to suggestion and manipulation. On the other hand, science-based investigative interviewing techniques focus on building rapport, using open-ended questions, and minimizing suggestibility to reduce the risk of false confessions and obtain accurate information.
3. Empirical Research - Empirical research on memory, cognition, and human behavior has provided valuable insights into the psychological processes underlying investigative interviews and the factors that influence the reliability of information obtained. Studies have consistently shown that open-ended questions, rapport-building, and cognitive interviewing techniques enhance the quality and accuracy of information received from witnesses, victims, and suspects compared to confrontational or coercive approaches. By incorporating evidence-based practices grounded in empirical research, science-based investigative interviewing offers a more reliable and effective approach to gathering information during investigations.
4. Legal and Professional Standards - There is increasing recognition within the legal and law enforcement communities of the importance of adopting evidence-based practices and adhering to professional standards in investigative interviewing. Many jurisdictions have implemented reforms and training programs to promote science-based techniques and ensure compliance with legal and ethical standards. By aligning with legal and professional guidelines, science-based investigative interviewing helps safeguard the integrity of the investigative process, uphold the rights of suspects, and build trust with the public.
California, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Illinois, Delaware, and New York are leading the way by passing legislation that mandates police interrogation reform and increased scrutiny of police interrogations. Several other states are following suit with similar legislation in the pipeline. It's clear that the adoption of science-based investigative interviewing is not a question of if, but when, it will become the norm across the country.
5. Public Perception and Trust - Adopting science-based investigative interviewing techniques can enhance public perception and trust in the criminal justice system by promoting transparency, accountability, and fairness. When law enforcement agencies demonstrate a commitment to using evidence-based practices that prioritize accuracy, reliability, and respect for individuals' rights, it helps build public confidence in the integrity and credibility of investigative processes and outcomes.
Reforming from confrontational interrogation techniques to science-based investigative interviewing is essential for promoting ethical conduct, minimizing the risk of false confessions, enhancing the reliability of information obtained during investigations, and upholding legal and professional standards in the criminal justice system. By embracing evidence-based practices grounded in scientific research, law enforcement agencies can improve the effectiveness and integrity of their investigative processes while ensuring the rights and well-being of all individuals involved.